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What if a subminiature version of the "All American 5" tube AM radio had been developed and produced? I modified a few common circuit board based AA5's replacing the regular tubes with sub-mini's.

1U4 pin	5678 pin

1	3---\
2	1  0.01uF
3--47k--2---/
4	nc
5	3
6	4
7	5

That's right, the 5678 pin 3 connects to both the 1U4's pin 1 and 5. Also note that the filament DC supply should have pin 3 of the 5678 more negative than its pin 5. The control grid is built expecting this. Same is true of the 1U4, its pin 7 should be the more positive filament pin. An alternative method of bypassing the screen grid is to connect a 0.1uF low voltage cap in parallel with the 47K resistor instead of the 0.01uF cap to pin 3 of the 5678. This alternative bypasses the screen grid to B+, which should be a good RF "ground". You shouldn't need to touch the alignment of the IF strip. Data on the 5678.

I modified 3 "AA5" AM tube radios that were built using circuit boards. Before doing anything else, verify that the radio is fully functional, decent reception, low/no hum or distortion. Fix any problems before attempting these mods! The first one, a GE clock radio from the early 60's, I removed the 12BA6 remote cutoff pentode IF amp tube and the socket (use solder wick, these circuit boards can't take much abuse) and installed a 5702 sub-mini remote cutoff pentode tube. The sub-mini usually comes with wire leads about 2 inches (5 cm) long, and you can bend somewhat the leads to form a pattern such that it duplicates the same functional pinout as the 12BA6 (cathode=cathode, g1=g1, etc). If there is no cathode resistor, add a 180 ohm resistor, otherwise replace the existing one with a 180 ohm resistor. Tube will probably oscillate some with values lower. Also, IMPORTANT This tube needs an external grounded shield. Otherwise, it will oscillate on you. The 12BA6 has one built in, but the sub-mini's don't. Any convenient solderable metal formed into a round shield will do, you only need cover the portion of the tube where the plate lives. That way, you can still see the top of the tube's glass bulb, and also more importantly, avoid shorting to the wire leads. Solder a wire to the shield, and connect it to RF ground in the local area. I used a piece of wire stiff enough to hold the shield mechanically in position. Now, it's time to test it. Yes, I realize that the heater current of the 5702 is 200ma, and the rest of the radio is 150ma, but it will work well enough to verify things at this time. You may want to use a variac and bring the line voltage up slowly with the radio on. Check to see all the tubes are glowing at reasonable levels, note that the sub-mini will be a bit brighter at first. but should settle down in a few seconds. Radio should start playing, tune around the dial. If not, check the wiring you did.

Assuming success so far, we now turn our attention to the 12AV6 detector/avc/first audio tube. We will use two 5703 triode tubes here, one will be the detector and AVC tube, the other will be the first audio amp triode. A triode for a diode function? Yes, the cathode will be tied to ground, and the grid tied to the IF transformer output. And the plate will be used as an internal shield, tie it to ground. And the first audio amp triode's cathode goes to ground, like the 12AV6's did, and grid to grid, plate to plate. If the fidelity of the audio amp triode is too distorted, inserting a 22K ohm resistor (value not critical) between the cathode and ground may help. Better fidelity can be had if some negative feedback from the speaker winding of the output transformer is applied to this cathode resistor. This is now possible now that the diode detector cathode and the first audio amp cathode are separate. Be sure to pay attention to the routing of the heater currents (the 12AV6 usually is at the signal and power ground of the series string heater circuit, and one of its heater pins is grounded. To avoid introducing hum into the audio, use the same physical location to ground the detector/AVC 5703 tube heater as used by the 12AV6 heater. Or else you may get ground loop problems. The circuit board designer back when went to some effort to avoid ground loop problems. Connect the other end of this tube's heater to one of the other 5703 triode heaters, and the other heater of that tube goes to the other heater connection the 12AV6 used. According to the RCA Tube Manual, the preferred order of the series string heater order is to have the detector tube at ground, than the first audio triode, then the IF, etc. Test the radio bringing up the variac with the radio on. Should work, if not, check the wiring.

Assuming again success, we now address the heater current difference. In my radio, the detector/AVC tube, then the first audio tube, then the IF tube were wired in series. Then came the 12BE6, the 50C5 and then 35W4. To provide the new tubes an extra 50ma of heater current (to bring it up from 150ma to 200ma) add at the IF tube - 12BE6 heater node a 2K 10W resistor and the other end of the resistor to the top of the heater string, at the power input node. (The other side of the power line, the one not connected to the radio's system ground (probably thru the power switch)). If the radio had the 12BE6 heater between the IF tube and the first audio and detector tube(s), you'll need to wire in parallel a 250 ohm 1W resistor across the 12BE6 heater, and attach the above 2K resistor to the new IF tube - 50C5 node. Test it again, carefully measure the AC volts on the heaters of the new tubes to see that they are at reasonable values (±10% is fine). And the radio should still work!

Another way to power the 200ma heaters would be to insert them between the radio's ground and the incoming powerline (usually thru the power switch). Thus the heater string pulls its current thru the submini tubes with the 200ma current rating. When the rectifier tube and other tubes are warm enough to conduct current thru their cathodes, this current will add with the heater string current to pass thru the submini tube heaters. At this point this current is not a constant DC, but it consists of filter capacitor charge pulses. But the heaters are essentially pure resistances once up to temperature and it doesn't matter. But you'd need a true RMS meter to measure it correctly. You may need a resistor of around 100 ohms across each submini tube as the added current will be a little too much. With a suitable resistor in parallel, this technique can heat any tube where the heater current is between 150ma to 260ma. Keep in mind that this will reduce the radio's B+ supply voltage.

One could use a capacitor instead of the resistor to provide the extra current thru the heaters of the new tubes. Realize that the current thru the cap will be "imaginary" (I hated this term in math class, to me, "imaginary" meant "fake"). The 150ma of current thru the other AA5 tubes would be "real". We need to do vectors here, to get a final result of 200ma thru the new tubes. Doing the trig yields about 130ma of imaginary current, and approx size 3.3uF 250VAC cap will provide this. One could do "S" parameters to solve this problem as well, just like back in ECE232 class at Syracuse University in 1976.

Schematic of the above described radio: 

I had thought that this infinite impedance detector would offer better fidelity on weak signals, but I've since found that the usual diode detector works better, if you remove the AVC circuit from its output. To furnish AVC, use the other diode in the 12AV6 or 12SQ7. Connect a 100pF cap from the plate of the IF tube to the new diode, and a 470K to 1 meg resistor from the diode to ground. the 2.2 or 3.3 meg AVC resistor that was attached to the detected audio now goes to the new diode. This removes the back biasing of the detector diode caused by the stored charge on the AVC filter cap. Which causes clipping on modulation valleys. But if you want to play with the infinite impedance detector anyway, read on.

For better fidelity on weak stations, one could change the AM detector circuit to a high impedance type. A triode connected as a cathode follower will provide this. Known as the "infinite impedance detector", the "reflex detector", the "negative feedback detector", or the just plain "feedback detector". The diode detector was scrapped in favor of the infinite-impedance detector which is just as capable of handling large signals as the diode and which handles small signals with less distortion. The infinite-impedance detector is nothing but a cathode follower with a large cathode resistance to bias the tube almost to cutoff. This detector presents a very high impedance across the secondary of the last i.f. transformer so that there is no loss in Q as with a diode detector which has a relatively low impedance. The cathode resistor is 100K. It also has a filter cap (50pF) that charges up and holds between cycles of the 455KHz modulated sine wave the peak of that cycle. The RC time constant is chosen to discharge fast enough to follow the audio waveform, but not fast enough to allow 455KHz thru to the audio amp. The tube does the work of charging this filter cap, thus off loading the IF transformer. The cathode follower has a low impedance during the peak of the cycle as it charges the cap. Other times it does not conduct as the grid is taken negative by the IF signal and the cathode cannot follow because of the charge on the cap.

We still need a way to get AVC. A separate detector diode coupled via a 100pF cap to the IF amp tube plate will provide this. But that brings us back to the loading problem the original detector diode had. We could just forget about AVC and just use a manual RF/IF gain control. To do this, ground the old AVC line, and break the ground line that feeds the front end and IF tubes. In that break insert a 5K pot with one end to ground, and the wiper going to the tubes' "ground" supply. Bypass the pot wiper with a 0.1uf cap to ground. This will work if you usually listen to only one station. But if you tune around a lot, you'll want real AVC. Ideally, if we had a pentode with two separate plates, one feeding the IF transformer and the other feeding the AVC diode, this would avoid this loading problem. Another way is to use the screen grid as a kind of plate. Have the screen grid feed thru a resistor to B+. And connect via the cap the AVC diode to that. Only thing is that the IF pentode starts looking like a triode. The capacitance of the control grid G1 on the IF transformer feeding it will increase due to the Miller effect. Being the IF stage helps in that the frequency doesn't change like it would if we were working in a TRF set. This extra capacitance can be tuned out by adjusting the IF transformer. Oh, the Miller effect will vary slightly depending on the bias of the tube due to the AVC, but that is not a real problem. Using the screen grid instead of a separate tube means that the IF tube control grid (which has a remote cutoff curve) is included in the AVC feedback loop. A separate tube may have a differing remote cutoff curve thus giving poor AVC action.

An additional improvement can be had by replacing the screen resistor of 33K with an IF transformer from a transistor radio. This allows the screen voltage to be more stable and increases the amplitude of the IF signal as seen by the AVC circuit. The tap of the transistor radio IF transformer is usually not in the center of the coil electrically speaking, but off to one side. The screen goes to the tap, B+ to the end of the coil that measures less resistance on an ohmmeter, and the AVC cap to the other end. I wouldn't use the secondary as the insulation on the magnet wire used inside the transformer probably won't stand the B+ voltage between windings. You may get birdies though. I damped these out by installing in parallel a 200K resistor across the secondary of the first IF transformer. Miller effect will increase some, so that will need to be tweaked out.

For more fun, let's try neutralization like that found in early transistor radio IF strips. There they take some out-of-phase output and feed it back to the transistor base thru a very small cap of about 1.5pF. The transistor radio transformer we used above still has a secondary that we can put to good use for this. The trick is to connect the secondary so we do in fact get an out-of-phase signal. My particular transformer was wound so that connecting the B+ from the pin that currently has it to the pin diagonally opposite did it. Be prepared to change it if necessary. A 1.5pF or so cap connects to the other pin of the secondary to the G1 of the IF tube. I removed the 200K resistor I had on G1 before. It will probably oscillate when you first fire the radio up. Careful tweaking of the various IF transformers will be needed. Setting some a little high and some a little low should make it unconditionally stable, or unconditionally unstable. You'll know which mode you're in. This is probably too twitchy for mass production, though. I eventually abandoned this and did the down below with the infinite impedance detector triode plate.

You don't have to use submini tubes for this. A 12AU7 for the infinite impedance detector and audio driver would work. A triode with low mu would be preferred. A 12CR6 pentode/diode should work for the IF amp and AVC diode.

"Additional improvement" .."Neutralization"

If you are willing to use some sand, another way to develop the AVC voltage is to use an op-amp in inverting mode. You need a source of positive and negative 12 to 15V for the op-amp. The op-amp output feeds into the AVC filter (usually 2 to 3 meg resistor and 0.05uf cap). The input to the op-amp circuit is a 56K resistor connected at the top of the volume control (this is audio (455KHz filtered out) including the DC bias indicating signal strength). The other end of the resistor goes to the "-IN" (inverting input) pin of the op-amp. The audio volume will decrease a little, as the 56K resistor will look like it's going to ground. The "+IN" (non-inverting input) goes to ground. To complete the circuit, a feedback resistor of 100K is connected between the "-IN" pin to the output pin of the op-amp. This creates a gain of negative 2. This is what we need because as signal strength increases, the infinite impedance detector output increases in DC bias in a positive voltage direction. We need the inverse of this, which the op-amp circuit provides. Connect the positive 12 to 15V supply to the positive supply pin of the op-amp, and likewise the negative supply. Leave the rest of the op-amp pins no connection. To make these supplies, one could grab off the heater string 12.6VAC and rectify a positive supply and a negative supply, with filter caps. As the op-amp requires little current, the heater string will not even notice it.

Another solution is to make use of a negative supply of about 90VDC. This can be generated by a diode and 12K resistor in series off the line and filtered by a cap of about 100uF. I had the voltage at -150VDC, but that would exceed the heater-cathode voltage spec. The infinite impedance detector circuit is tied to this negative supply. Also the cathode and grid circuits of the audio driver triode are tied to the negative supply. As well as the volume control. This is to reduce the effect of any hum on the negative supply from getting into the audio signal. Also makes for more effective plate voltage on the audio driver triode.

The whole point of this use of the negative supply is to allow the infinite impedance detector triode to also function as a DC coupled inverter. A plate resistor of 56K going to ground will produce a negative voltage related to the positive voltage of the cathode and related to signal strength of radio stations. You can increase or decrease this resistor to vary the gain of the AVC voltage. Useful to increase if you are getting distortion on strong signals. We can directly use this after filtering as the AVC voltage.

You don't even have to use the old 2.2M resistor and 0.047uF cap. Connect the AVC directly to the plate resistor and bypass it with a 1uF cap. Depending on your selection of IF and detector tubes, the quiescent current thru the detector triode may bias the AVC voltage too much for low signal strengths. A way around this is to bias the ground end of the plate resistor up a few volts to null the quiescent voltage. I effectively did this by using another resistor connected to the AVC line to the 50C5 output tube cathode, which has around 6 to 7 volts of DC (and some audio signal riding on it too, but the above 1uF AVC filter removes any trouble from that). I used the leftover triode as a rectifier. I connected the grid to the cathode with a 330 ohm resistor, so the tube is current limited to that of a triode with -0.5V on its grid.

Be aware that during the night, out-of-town co-channel stations' carriers can interfere with a more local weak station's carrier. This can cause the carrier level to be lowered at times, creating distortion in the detected audio. This doesn't happen to the sidebands, as these are not related local station to the out-of-town stations. Try listening to another weak station, or during the daytime.

First thing to do is get a second AM radio (any type, need not be a tube radio) and tube in a weak station above 1000KHz. And turn on the radio you're doing the mods to, and after you verify that it receives stations, tune to a spot on the dial 455 KHz lower than the weak station being received on the other radio. With the two radios about 2 feet apart, you should hear a heterodyne whistle "jamming" the weak station on the non-mod radio. You are hearing the mod radio's local oscillator leaking out into the air. Normal. European governments used this trick to hunt for people who didn't pay some sort of "radio tax" or something. Anyway... If possible, leave the socket in place, and attach the tube wiring on the bottom (foil side) of the board, using the tube socket solder nodes as places to solder. If the following is successful, you can rewire things to live on the top side of the board. If it's not satisfactory, remove the attempt and reinstall the 12BE6. On this optimistic note, let's continue: Using a 6111 twin triode, connect the cathode to the cathode pin of the 12BE6 socket, grid to G1 pin, and plate to the g2,g4 pin (which should be the local B+ line). The mu (20) of the 6111 tube is the same as the mu (20) of the oscillator portion of a 12BE6 (cathode, g1 and g2 (which corresponds to the plate of the 6111)). No mods to the oscillator coil or cap are needed. (The other section of the twin triode will be the first audio amp. Better sound was had by using a 2K ohm resistor in the cathode circuit of this audio stage, and paralleling a 56K resistor across the plate resistor of 470K). Connect the heaters to the heater pins. Fire the radio up, and with the other radio tuned to that weak station, tune around the dial on the mod radio, and if the triode tube is working, you should hear the local oscillator. You won't hear any stations on the mod radio now, next thing is to add a mixer tube.

First method:
(On the left is a portion of the below circuit diagram, featuring the cathode osc injection)

 Using a 5702 pentode, connect its plate to the 12BE6 plate pin, its grid 1 to pin 7 (g3) of the 12BE6 socket, g2 to B+, and connect g3 and the cathode of the 5702 pentode together, and to a 68 ohm resistor and a 0.1 or so cap. The other ends of these resistor and cap connect to the cathode pin of the 12BE6 socket. And insert in series the heater. Now fire up the radio again, see if you hear any stations (may be weak), and also see if the other radio can still hear the local oscillator. You may need to adjust the value of the 1K ohm resistor above to get better results in signal strength. This is very similar to the mixer in the radio built using compactron tubes and should work fine. As mentioned before, you may have more difficulty here than with the previous IF , detector and 1st audio tube mods. You can always go back to using the 12BE6. Don't twiddle with the alignment too much, it would only have impact on the upper end of the band. The lower end of the band doesn't much notice small differences in capacitance, and the above mod would only affect capacitance, and not inductance.

An alternative mixer circuit using screen grid local osc injection:
(On the left is a portion of the below circuit diagram, featuring the screen grid osc injection)

Instead of injecting the local osc into the cathode of the mixer tube, inject it into the screen grid (G2). Insert a 1K8 (1800 ohms, Europeans use the "K" in place of the decimal point "." to improve readability, as the "." is small and can get lost in the dust. 1K8 -> 1.8 * 1000 -> 1800, 1000 for the "K") resistor between G2 and B+, and connect the plate of the local osc triode here. And instead of the mixer cathode resistor described above, connect the cathode to ground. And remove the cap between this cathode and the local oscillator tube cathode! A downside is that a strong station may "pull" the local oscillator. A larger value of this new resistor will make this happen more, make it too small and the conversion gm will drop, making sensitivity go down. As the transconductance of screen grids is pretty low, this method won't have much gain. The mixer tube is acting as a multiplier, make the local oscillator amplitude smaller (smaller value resistor in osc plate circuit) and the signal being the same strength, will yield a lower amplitude product (IF signal at 455KHz). Be aware that a larger amplitude osc signal on the osc tube plate will cause some "Miller effect" (like you get in transistors) and shift the osc frequency a little (this is separate from the above mentioned "pulling"). This is the least satisfactory of these three methods, and is mentioned as an introduction to the next below method, which uses a specially designed G3 instead of G2.

Yet another alternative mixer circuit using a dual control pentode:
(On the left is a portion of the below circuit diagram, featuring the dual control pentode used as a mixer)

Here a dual control pentode (5636) is used as a mixer. A dual control pentode has two control grids, G1 and G3. What would be the suppresser grid is the second control grid. This grid is connected to the oscillator grid, and thus it "chops" the signal from the antenna (applied to the first control grid). This causes heterodyning mixing action to occur. This circuit has more conversion gain (the 5636 is rated to have a conversion transconductance of 1280 umhos) than the above screen grid injection, and the oscillator has less amount of "pulling" from strong stations. Be sure to add an additional 120 ohm resistor in parallel with the heater, as the 5636 draws 50ma less heater current than the 5702.

I then went on to the 50C5 audio output tube and the 35W4 rectifier tube. I used a 5902 beam power sub-mini for the audio output stage. Its rated load is 3000 ohms for 1 watt, vs. 2500 ohms and 1.9watts for the 50C5. Close enough load specs, the slight difference will mean slightly less output power. At this point, it's a direct pin for pin function substitution except for the heaters, and the cathode resistor changes to 270 ohm. And I used a 5641 rectifier to substitute for the 35W4. An 18 ohm resistor in series with the cathode limits the peak capacitor charging currents to below this rectifier's peak current rating of 200ma.

At this point, I rearranged the series string heater arrangement. Using a 10uF AC capacitor, rated for 200V at 60 Hz (1.4KVDC), to drop the power line voltage down to 24V at 450ma AC, provides the heater power. This first feeds into the rectifier tube, which consumes all 450ma, at 6.3V. Then this in turn feeds in series into the audio tube, which also takes all the current at another 6.3V. At this point, the rest of the tubes consume less heater current, so a series/parallel arrangement is used. The pentode tubes (mixer and IF) consume 150ma and 200ma each respectively, or 350ma when wired in parallel. Add a 60 ohm resistor in parallel to make it 450ma. Or use a pair of pilot light bulbs, 6V @ 25 ma each, (Radio Shack has 'em) wired in parallel with the 5636 and 5702 heaters and a 120 ohm resistor. These heaters, along with the capacitor, will limit the current and voltage the bulbs will see. And this configuration then feeds into the 6111 twin triode (300ma), and in parallel, the diode detector tube (150ma), for a total of 450ma. These two last tubes' heaters then connect to ground. I had first used a transformer to power the heaters, but it was rather big. One could easily imagine a higher heater voltage sub-mini beam power and rectifier tubes, but aside from the 7762 pentode (same as the 5902 except for a 26.5V@110ma heater) none were actually made. I haven't been able to find any 7762s, maybe they were just "vaporware". Data sheets in pdf form: 5636, 5641, 5647 (similar to the 1260), 5702, 5703, 5902, 6111, 6BA6, 6BE6.

Here the above pilot lights are lighting the radio dials in the dark.

Final Schematic using the first method: 

When using a separate diode, like an EA76 or 5647, better detector fidelity can be had by reducing its contact potential. You can reduce the contact potential by reducing the heater voltage down from 6.3 to 4 volts. In a series string, that can be done by paralleling a 100 ohm resistor with the heater. In this series/parallel set, an extra 15 ohm resistor is used. This should increase the fidelity of AM detection. The 5896 below is a dual diode version.

This circuit board diagram shows the original:

and the mods using the "first method" of the mixer circuit:
.

This completes the sub-mini tube AM radio. Aside for the 12BE6, is was pretty much a simple substitution of tubes. The third radio below replaces the 12BE6 with another miniature pentagrid converter tube, the 6BA7. This tube has 6dB more conversion gain. 

Data sheets with curves can be found in PDF form for most of these tubes at: Frank's web page. Be aware that there is a daily download limit of about 4 megs at these sites.

And an AM-FM transistor. The only difficult part was finding a good FM mixer transistor. Ended up using one from a dead GHz cordless phone.